Cone Crusher Working Principle

In mining crushing operations, the cone crusher serves as vital equipment for processing medium-hardness, medium-brittleness materials. It finds extensive application in the crushing processes of both metallic and non-metallic ores. Widely employed across metallurgy, construction, railways, and chemical industries, the cone crusher is the preferred choice for breaking high-hardness ores—such as granite, iron ore, and copper ore—in numerous mineral processing lines. Thus, it delivers stable throughput and high crushing efficiency when processing such materials. Today we shall detail the working principle of the cone crusher, aiding a clearer understanding of this equipment’s advantages and suitable applications. This provides valuable reference for designing crushing processes.

Cone Crusher Structural Composition

This series comprises core components including the crushing cone, adjustment mechanism, adjustment sleeve, transmission system, eccentric sleeve, and frame. It is complemented by auxiliary systems such as electrical and lubrication systems. Based on user requirements, the cone crusher series can be categorised into primary, secondary, and tertiary crushing types, catering to diverse scenarios and materials. Its flexible crushing chamber configurations accommodate standard, medium, and short-head applications for different crushing tasks.

Working Principle of Cone Crushers

1. Feeding: Ore is conveyed to the crusher’s feed opening, entering the upper section of the crushing chamber to form the primary crushing zone. The crushing cone is positioned at its initial location. The interior space of the crushing chamber is relatively large, accommodating larger-sized ore and rock.
2. Periodic Compression Crushing: The motor drives the eccentric sleeve to rotate via the drive shaft. The eccentric sleeve induces an eccentric motion in the crushing cone. This causes the crushing wall surface to alternately approach and recede from the concave liner surface. Whenever the crushing wall approaches the concave liner, the internal space of the crushing chamber diminishes. The ore is crushed under the squeezing action between the crushing wall and the concave wall. When the crushing wall moves away from the concave wall, the space within the crushing chamber expands. The crushed ore continuously descends under the force of gravity. The material then enters the lower section of the crushing chamber. Through the repeated ‘approach and retreat’ process, continuous crushing of the ore and rock is achieved until the material meets the required particle size.
3. Discharge from the crushing chamber outlet: Finished product discharge and screening: Crushed ore is discharged through the outlet and conveyed via a conveyor to a vibrating screen for grading. Material meeting the required particle size proceeds to subsequent sorting operations. Oversized ore is returned to the cone crusher for re-crushing, forming a closed-circuit crushing process. This ensures uniform particle size in the final product.

Cone Crusher Working Principle

Types of Cone Crushers

Standard Cone Crusher

Primarily employed for secondary crushing of ore. Processes material following primary crushing (accomplished by jaw crushers), reducing it to a suitable fine-crushing size. The standard cone crusher features a deep crushing chamber and a large discharge opening. It offers high processing capacity and handles ore of relatively large feed size.

Fine Cone Crusher

Often termed the ‘short-head cone crusher’. Primarily employed for tertiary crushing of ore. Reduces medium-crushed ore to a size suitable for direct feeding into grinding equipment. The short-head crusher features a shallow crushing chamber and a smaller discharge opening, delivering high crushing precision. It is well-suited for processing ore of smaller particle size.

Medium-crushing cone crusher

Positioned between medium and fine crushing, this machine suits applications requiring intermediate particle sizes. For instance, it effectively handles certain scrap metal ores where crushing below 5mm is unnecessary, achieving 15-25mm output. This avoids the increased energy consumption associated with employing a short-head cone crusher for such tasks.

Types of Cone Crushers

In summary, cone crushers offer advantages including stable output, high efficiency, and continuous crushing capability. Their applications primarily encompass medium and fine crushing stages across mineral processing, quarrying, and aggregate production sectors. When selecting equipment, one must consider material characteristics and production requirements to choose the appropriate crusher type, ensuring efficient and stable operation throughout the crushing process.

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